Cointegrated VARMA models can be parameterized by using the echelon form, which is characterized by the Kronecker indices. Three different methods for estimating the Kronecker indices of cointegrated echelon form VARMA models are discussed and compared. They have the common feature of estimating...

Economic agents using information that is not incorporated in the econometric model is seen as a possible reason for why nonfundamental shocks are important in econometric models. Allowing for nonfundamental shocks in structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) analysis by considering moving average...

It is emphasized that the shocks in structural vector autoregressions are only identified up to sign and it is pointed out that this feature can result in very misleading confidence intervals for impulse responses if simulation methods such as Bayesian or bootstrap methods are used. The...

Identification of shocks of interest is a central problem in structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) modelling. Identification is often achieved by imposing restrictions on the impact or long-run effects of shocks or by considering sign restrictions for the impulse responses. In a number of...