Increasing fragmentation of production across borders is changing the nature of international competition. As a result, conventional indicators of competitiveness based on gross exports are becoming less informative and new measures are needed. This paper proposes an ex-post accounting framework...

Recent studies document a decline in the share of labour and a simultaneous increase in the share of residual (‘factorless') income in national GDP. We argue the need for study of factor incomes in cross-border production to complement country studies. We define a GVC production function that...

Recent studies document a decline in the share of labour and a simultaneous increase in the share of residual ('factorless') income in national GDP. We argue the need for study of factor incomes in cross-border production to complement country studies. We define a GVC production function that...