Recent data show wide disparity between Japan and the United States in the effectiveness of their health care systems. Japan spends close to the lowest percentage of its gross domestic product on health care among OECD countries, the United States spends the highest, yet life expectancies in...

Today, increases in the demand for healthcare are driving European governments to look for ways to control growth in healthcare expenditures and at the same time improve health outcomes. Consideration of ways to enhance trade in healthcare goods and services is important for governments as they...

Looking at how well drugs work in routine clinical practice, rather than only in experimental randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs), is increasingly seen as essential for a proper assessment of both net benefit (health gain minus harm and value (net benefit minus net cost). Establishing...