We estimate calories available to workers' households in the USA, Belgium, Britain, France and Germany in 1890/1. We employ data from the United States Commissioner of Labor survey (see Haines, 1979) of workers in key export industries. We estimate that households in the USA, on average, had...

Canada, the US, and most Western countries are looking to STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) immigrants to boost innovation and economic growth. Canada in particular has welcomed many STEM immigrants over the past quarter of a century. In the US, there is an ongoing debate...

This paper compares the labour market policy responses to immigration in Norway, Switzerland and Canada, countries that are often referred to as different 'models' for the future relations of the UK with the EU. Across the three countries, it identifies several labour market policies that act as...