Several studies on photovoltaic systems focused on how it operates and energy required in operating it. Little attention is paid on its configurations, modeling of mean time to system failure, availability, cost benefit and comparisons of parallel and series–parallel designs. In this research...

The European Union has set ambitious targets for emission reduction and the penetration of renewable energy, including the electricity generation sector as one of the major emitters of CO2. After a period of subsidy-driven investments, the costs of renewables decreased strongly making...

Pure water scarcity has become vulnerable due to discharge of industrial effluents in water bodies. Rapid population growth has worsened the situation. It has been estimated that 50% of hospital beds are occupied because of water borne diseases. Solar still is a technique which can solve the...

Finance is crucial for the low-carbon energy transition. This research takes the solar PV technology as an example to explore whether having state-owned financial institutions, such as national development banks (NDBs), offers advantages in a country for mobilizing finance. By focusing on three...

Renewable energy is a key for sustainable development all over the world and renewables used in many areas including water heating. For water heating, among many options, electrical and solar energy can be used to assist heat pumps. This study explores usage of photovoltaic and thermal...