We estimate calories available to workers' households in the USA, Belgium, Britain, France and Germany in 1890/1. We employ data from the United States Commissioner of Labor survey (see Haines, 1979) of workers in key export industries. We estimate that households in the USA, on average, had...

This paper compares the degree of openness to trade of three developed countries markets-the European Union, Japan, the United States-with that of three middle-income countries, namely Brazil, India, and China. A theoretically consistent protection measure - the Mercantilistic Trade...

We take bound tariffs under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) as the starting point and attempt to measure how much liberalisation in agriculture will be achieved by the European Union (EU) and the US by the end of the implementation period of the Agreement. Using the Trade...

Die Methodik der Aggregation von Importzöllen kann die Ergebnisse von Liberalisierungsstudien maßgeblich beeinflussen. Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist ein Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Methoden zur Aggregation von Importzöllen. Zunächst erfolgt hierfür eine theoretische Darstellung der...