Obwohl das staatliche Abgaben-, Steuer- und Transfersystem nicht durchgehend bedarfsorientiert ausgestaltet ist, führt es zu einer weitgehend konsistenten Umverteilung von oben nach unten. Dies gilt auch dann, wenn man das Einkommen personenbezogen betrachtet und dabei den Haushaltskontext...

Government wants both to reduce carbon emissions and to reduce 'fuel poverty'. Energy prices have risen in part because of a multitude of policies aimed at reducing emissions. There are also multiple policies aimed at ameliorating these effects. Altogether, this leads to a complex policy...

The almost continuous stagnation of the Japanese economy for the past two decades has had an adverse impact on Japanese households from at least three perspectives: A decline in the standard of living, an increase in risks and uncertainties relating to livelihood, employment, old age, etc., and...