differentiated markets. I firstly review some classical literature on collusion between two firms producing goods of exogenous … the market may have contradictory effects on the incentive of firms to collude: it can make collusion easier for bottom …

Numerous recently uncovered cartels operated along the supply chain, with firms at one end facilitating collusion at …-and-spoke collusion. We make three contributions: i) Using court documents and pricing data we provide evidence that collusion existed at … both ends of the supply chain, ii) we show that collusion was effective, increasing inflation by about 40% and iii) we …

used vertical restraints to support collusion. We find that one quarter of a sample of convicted contemporary international … otherwise have undermined collusion. In other cases, distributors themselves had market power and received a share of cartel …