well-defined quality standards and third-party verification that producers are meeting those standards. Nonetheless, many … producers of credence goods appear to be opting out of certification. Why? This paper builds in previous research and develops a … effectiveness of certification. I find the degree to which a consumer trusts the producer of a credence good and the certification …

manipulation is to test whether reciprocity is mainly affected by payoff consequences of trust or by intentions underlying it. We …