by men and by women in Vietnam during the period 2005-2013 and aims to provide explanations for the differences, if any … manufacturing sector in 10 provinces/cities in Vietnam in five waves from 2005 to 2013. Fixed effect models are estimated to examine … the influence of firm variables and demographic, human capital characteristics of owners/managers on firms’ value added …

Women and men use rural and urban transport for different purposes based on their socially determined roles and … women and girls. Female mobility is often constrained by heavy domestic work-loads and time spent traveling by foot …, carrying heavy loads over rough trails. Time poverty combines with cultural restrictions to limit women's and girls' economic …