Contents 1. Introduction -- 2. The institutional economics of blockchain -- 3. The universal turing institution -- 4. The microfoundations of ledgers -- 5. Money, dequity, and the barter economy of the future -- 6. Supply chains and identity -- 7. The V-form organisation and the future of the...

Distributed ledger technology emerged in 2009 as the protocol behind bitcoin, a cryptocurrency with origins in the ‘cypherpunk' community who sought to use cryptography to secede from government control of money. Bitcoin's pseudonymous inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto said Bitcoin would be “very...

Investment is a function of expected profit, which involves calculation of the cost of trust. Blockchain technology is a new institutional technology (Davidson et al 2018) that industrialises trust (Berg et al 2018). We therefore expect that the adoption of blockchain technology into the economy...

Drawing on economic transaction cost theory, this paper explores how blockchain and distributed ledger technology could shift the smart city agenda by altering transaction costs with implications for the coordination of infrastructures and resources. Like the smart city the crypto city utilizes...

Agriculture is the production of food, fibre and data. The data attests to the qualities and properties of the food and fibre, and is therefore economically valuable. Yet while data is cheap to add, it is often costly to verify. In consequence, a significant percentage of the final cost of...

As blockchain technology is adopted into modern economies, the underlying institutional protocols will evolve. In this paper, we set out the reasoning behind how this will likely take us to an economy beyond both money and money prices. Money facilitates human-human exchange in the presence of...