We need to shift our perspective of blockchain, from just the programmable ledger, to a networked infrastructure of computing machinery. Doing so, we could easily visualize how computer programs will operate over this new infrastructure, which is presently being used for transaction validations....

Zero-Knowledge Proof-of-Identity from trusted public certificates (e.g., national identity cards and/or ePassports; eSIM) is introduced here to permissionless blockchains in order to remove the inefficiencies of Sybil-resistant mechanisms such as Proof-of-Work (i.e., high energy and...

This paper looks at some issues that may arise as Bitcoin, and its underlying blockchain technology, plays a greater role in commercial transactions. Bitcoin and other public blockchains permit identification of every transaction that has occurred. But tracing bitcoin – an issue arising in...

The President's Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) is “enabling a new era of clinical care through research, technology, and policies that empower patients, researchers, and providers to work together toward the development of individualized care”. Its commitment to privacy and security in...

This discussion paper considers the implications of declaring cryptocurrencies as securities, in light of the recent SEC ruling that Bitcoin and Ethereum are not securities but smaller, recent ICOs are. Its discussion suggests that, the policy implications notwithstanding, the SEC ruling is...

Purpose: Decentralized, blockchain-based equity crowdfunding has potential to close the equity-funding gap faced by startups. The present paper investigates the driving forces of equity crowdfunding and the impact of the blockchain.Design: In a two-round, expert-based Delphi survey, ten...

In this paper, by comparing initial public offerings (IPOs) and initial coin offerings (ICOs), we study the impact of blockchain technology on financial regulation. After an initial study of the underlying principles driving both processes, we establish an extensive typology of ICOs and present...

Bitcoin is a digital monetary system that functions without any central authority and pre-assumed identities among participants. Contrary to a popular belief, Bitcoin is not inherently anonymous or secure. In this article, we survey security and privacy risks in Bitcoin and related...