We study the equilibrium level of staking in a Proof-of-Stake blockchain when investors have different trading horizons. We find that, contrary to conventional wisdom, staking levels do not always increase in block rewards. Rather, block rewards serve as an inflationary transfer from...

Permissionless blockchains require a protocol to generate consensus. Many prominent permissionless blockchains employ Proof-of-Work (PoW) for that purpose, but PoW possesses significant shortcomings. Various alternatives have been proposed. This paper provides the first formal economic model of...

The security of Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchains rests on the assumption that a large number of contributors have incentives to maintain copies of the underlying distributed ledger. However, excessive block rewards may inflate the value of each unique PoS coin. In this paper, we evaluate the...

There are many public blockchains with various levels of success when it comes to sustained user adoption. This paper investigates whether some blockchains are more likely to dominate others in the long-run, i.e., whether there are "winner-takes-it-all" dynamics or whether a blockchain's...