It was generally assumed that high standards of education, both general and vocational, represented an important advantage of the Soviet political system. This consideration was rather true to the conditions inherent in the industrial society

In accordance with the President of the Russian Federation's Executive Order No 599 of 7 May 2012, at least one out of every 2.7 employed workers aged 25-65 years should be involved, in 2015, in one or other supplementary professional training program (either short-term or long-term)...