deviation increase in oil price volatility leads to a 0.38 percent increase in the markup of firms with average oil exposure. …

in which traders operate.Binding tariffs at the WTO reduces the scope for their discretionary use. But, countries have … bound tariffs at ceiling levels often substantially above the level of applied tariffs. Therefore, whether the ceiling rate …. Using a recently built database on applied tariffs covering over 100 countries for the period 1996 to 2009, we find evidence …

developing country industrial tariffs, constrain this variability. We examine the theoretical effects of such constraints on the …