these sources. -- household income ; volatility ; wealth ; medical spending … combining data from multiple surveys, we create an integrated measure of volatility in available household resources, accounting … for fluctuations in income and out-of-pocket medical expenses, as well as financial wealth sufficient to buffer against …

combining data from multiple surveys, we create an integrated measure of volatility in available household resources, accounting … for fluctuations in income and out-of-pocket medical expenses, as well as financial wealth sufficient to buffer against … different groups are exposed to economic risk. As the ESI derives from a data-independent conceptual foundation, it can be …

combining data from multiple surveys, we create an integrated measure of volatility in available household resources, accounting … for fluctuations in income and out-of-pocket medical expenses, as well as financial wealth sufficient to buffer against … different groups are exposed to economic risk. As the ESI derives from a data-independent conceptual foundation, it can be …

consumption volatility. A household's currently observed poverty status might therefore not be a good indicator of the household …'s general poverty risk, or in other words its vulnerability to poverty. Although several measurements to analyze vulnerability …