important source of consumption risk as two thirds of households are involved in some level of agricultural production. For … South Africa, we focus on labor market risk proxied by transitions from formal employment to informal work or unemployment …

This paper derives two new improved risk metrics LAPVaR and LAPSF. Traditional VaRDeltaNormal valuation exaggerates … Shortfall – PSF – uses option theory to solve the problem that, under any circumstance, the risk amount is never greater than … the portfolio value. Risk to LIQUIDATION means every day-t, a portion of portfolio assets-i, for integer i ϵ (1, N) is …

group of nonconventional economies like the GCC countries, where risk-sharing based financial system is prominent and … foreign investment, risk-free interest, derivatives, etc. are not as widespread as in Western economies. Design … risk-sharing based financial system does not necessarily protect the stock market from US uncertainty shock. However, the …

for overly attractive reward-to-risk ratios are excluded, by restricting instantaneous Sharpe ratios for any market …