We studied the volatility assumption of non-life premium risk under the Solvency II Standard Formula and developed an empirical model on real data, the Danish fire insurance data. Our empirical model accomplishes two things. Primarily, compared to the present literature, this paper innovates the...

We discuss how to build ETF risk models. Our approach anchors on i) first building a multilevel (non-)binary classification/taxonomy for ETFs, which is utilized in order to define the risk factors, and ii) then building the risk models based on these risk factors by utilizing the heterotic risk...

Sudden jumps in the stock market have a significant impact on consumers’ wealth. A market crash, in particular, can devastate lives and destabilize the entire economy. Therefore, it would be desirable if consumers, policy makers, and financial intermediaries could better anticipate such...