We investigate covariance matrix estimation in vast-dimensional spaces of 1,500 up to 2,000 stocks using fundamental … about estimation risk in FFMs in high dimensions. We investigate whether recent linear and non-linear shrinkage methods help … to reduce the estimation risk in the asset return covariance matrix. Our findings indicate that modest improvements are …

estimation of VARMAs is perceived to be challenging and proposed various ways to simplify it. Nevertheless, VARMAs continue to be …