model was first estimated using three estimation methods, namely, the Panel Least Squares, the Panel Fully Modified Least …, India, China, and South Africa, and uses quarterly data for period from 1993Q1 to 2021Q2. The specified panel regression … Squares (FMOLS), and Panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS). In addition, to estimate the short-run and long-run effects of real …

) estimation of 46 states over the period from 1998 to 2017. The findings confirm that the PMG estimates of the effect of stock … reject the null of no cointegration among the models' variables, which contrasts with the pervasive view concerning the …