We propose a novel measure of risk perceptions: the price of volatile stocks (PVSt), defined as the book-to-market ratio of low-volatility stocks minus the book-to-market ratio of high-volatility stocks. PVSt is high when perceived risk directly measured from surveys and option prices is low....

Sudden and rapid changes in the economy leads to an increase in volatility. The fact that high volatility in financial markets brings along an increase in risk made it necessary to model it. Modeling volatility, which is accepted as a measure of risk, will benefit investors in their attitudes...

The risky assets prices of the bi-variate model are reviewed under the hegemonize concentration filtered physical probability space. In the stochastic variance of the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross process. The Mean-variance hedging expanse on the Föllmer-Schweizer decomposition is stringent to the...