The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant financial losses globally, increasing the volatility of financial assets. To address this issue, this study models the stock market returns volatility of developed economies during the pandemic using the GJR-GARCH (1, 1) family. The dataset includes...

This paper provides a model to account for the empirical evidence that volatility reduces growth. In the model, greater volatility increases the cost associated with capital market imperfections and induces the financial intermediaries to charge higher interest rates. The model is based on one...