Chang, Chia-Lin; Hsieh, Tai-Lin; McAleer, Michael - In: Journal of risk and financial management : JRFM 11 (2018) 4, pp. 1-25
understated. ETFs track and attempt to replicate the performance of a specific index. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong … relationship between the S&P500 Composite Index and the Volatility Index (VIX), but few empirical studies have focused on the … affect ETF returns. The ARCH-LM test shows conditional heteroskedasticity in the estimation of ETF returns, so that the …