This paper will provide information on what happened in the financial crisis of 2008 and how to graph volatility outside of the option market. We will investigate the causes of the financial crisis, as well as some of the social inequalities that still exist today. We will explore household...

Topographic finance is the study of surfaces to describe financial systems in multiple dimensions. The problem with finance and economics is to describe accurately what is actually governing price dynamics. The price dynamics are behavioral and do not exhibit a rational maximization of a utility...

The major purpose of this research exercise is to assess the volatility dynamics of the stock returns of the banks of India and to determine the factor which influence and explains the stock returns. For this the two important methodologies are applied, for understanding the sensitivity of stock...

The consistent ranking of multivariate volatility models by means of statistical loss function is a challenging research field, because it concerns the quality of the proxy chosen to replace the unobserved volatility, the set of competing models to be ranked and the kind of loss function. The...

The ranking of multivariate volatility models is inherently problematic because when the unobservable volatility is substituted by a proxy, the ordering implied by a loss function may be biased with respect to the intended one. We point out that the size of the distortion is strictly tied to the...

A large number of parameterizations have been proposed to model conditional variance dynamics in a multivariate framework. However, little is known about the ranking of multivariate volatility models in terms of their forecasting ability. The ranking of multivariate volatility models is...

Commodity prices co-move, but the strength of this co-movement changes over time due to structural factors, like changing energy intensity in production and consumption as well as changing composition of underlying shocks. This paper explores whether econometric models that exploit this...

For a weighted sum of asset returns that are independent and identically distributed (IID) up to variance, we derive expressions linking the distribution of variance across assets with higher-order portfolio moments, assuming these quantities are finite. In particular, we show concise...

We introduce a new framework for understanding portfolio diversification that provides a coherent basis for comparing methodologies and offers a new approach to portfolio construction. The primary argument is that measures of diversification based only on a covariance matrix are ambiguous...

The exchange rate between the Naira and other currencies has continued to witness variability with depreciation. This variability makes it difficult to predict returns. Against this background, this paper examines the naira exchange rate vis-a-vis four other currencies. The impact of exogenous...