This paper constructs a model of a supply chain to examine how demand volatility is passed upstream through the chain. In particular, we seek to determine how likely it is that the chain experiences a bullwhip effect, where the variance of the upstream firm's production exceeds the variance of...

This paper investigates the impact of volatility in the upstream electric vehicles (EV) battery raw materials market on the downstream stock returns of individual EV producers. The study uses the daily stock returns of two lithium producers and the newly proposed EGARCH-EARJI model to capture...