In this paper we experimentally investigate the consequences of electoral fraud on voter turnout. The experiment is …. In the experiment we implement two different framings: we compare voter turnout in a neutral environment and with framed … framing effects of voting and fraud. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical predictions reveals over …

promote electoral fraud. For one, candidates and their supporters can more easily mobilize voters outside the district to … classic type of electoral fraud for the first time, by taking advantage of a natural experimental setting in Japanese … investigate not only this type of electoral fraud but also other “electoral connection[s]” (Mayhew 1974) in other countries …