of violent civil conflict in nineteenth-century Colombia. Empirically studying the relationship between democracy and … violence in nineteenth-century Colombia was a technology for political elites to compete for the rents from power, and that … democracy constituted an alternative way to compete which substituted violence …

Barrington Moore's famous line 'no bourgeoisie, no democracy' is one of the most quoted claims in political science …

civil war. Data come from a survey of 3,600 respondents conducted in late-2008, about nine months after the violence. We …. Intriguingly, we also find that the program had positive effects related to Kenya’s post-election violence. Participants in the … program who subsequently were affected by the violence were less likely (relative to non-participants who were later affected …

local democracy in Colombia, a country mired in civil conflict. We find that when the price of oil rises, legislators … to gain power, positive price shocks also induce an increase in paramilitary violence, and reduce electoral competition … undermine democracy by distorting elections, and suggest that conflict leaves the political sector vulnerable to the resource …

India. We code data on Hindu-Muslim violence and Muslim political representation in India and leverage quasi …

Colombia. Using voter censuses and disaggregated electoral returns from 1991-1998, I show that residents in urban neighborhoods … least likely to leave. I trace the patterns of violence across the communities using local archival materials and interviews … violence, and that political cleansing resembles ethnic cleansing …

Group-based identity undermines democracy by impeding democratic change of government. A substantial literature has … therefore studied how to make democracy consistent with group identity. We contribute to this literature by introducing the role … or replacement of local government because of disfunctionality. Our general contribution is to show how democracy can …