In the wake of the global liberalization of financial and currency markets in the 1970s and 1980s, currency substitution has given rise to increasing policy concern. In developing countries, this phenomenon mainly results from the flight out of the domestic currency as a reaction to...

In March 2020, the Federal Reserve eased the terms on its standing swap lines in collaboration with other central banks, reactivated temporary swap agreements, and then introduced the new Foreign and International Monetary Authorities (FIMA) Repo Facility. We provide new evidence on how the...