Import regulations are globally the most prevalent form of intervention in international trade. The regulations should, under rules of the WTO, protect consumers and the environment but can be used to protect producers. We investigate the ambiguity of intent. We set out a model that when applied...

Vague and fragmentary references as to the existence of a gentlemen's agreement excluding the energy sector from the ambit of the multilateral trading system can be found on numerous occasions in legal scholarship. This contribution has the modest objective of demonstrating that the mere...