Economy. Firstly, it aims to deepen our understanding of the emergence of the BRICs in the world economy. To this end, a … macroeconomic analysis is carried out with the aim of making clear the changes the BRICs have brought to the world economy. Secondly …, an analysis is made of the extent to which the global economic crisis has enhanced the role of the BRICs in the world …

. Trade policy developments are mixed. Restrictive trade measures imposed during 2018 affected 3.8 percent of world …-for-tat tariffs between the United States and China alone affected 2.0 percent of world merchandise trade in 2018. Ongoing trade … a multilateral approach and World Trade Organization reforms …