throughout the world. At the same time, trade in health products is hampered by substantive trade barriers. In this paper, we … present evidence that countries around the world still apply tariffs and nontariff measures that increase prices and limit the … availability of health-related products such as pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical equipment. The case for liberalizing trade …

Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) was adopted in 1995 as one of the agreements under the World …" (World Trade Organization 2001: paragraph 4). Subsequently, the adoption of the Doha Declaration provided clarity with regard … on TRIPS with an objective of enhancing world's chances for prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19. …