in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …

converted into equivalent tariffs and further, reduced over time. However each member country has the authority to choose the … tariff types when it converts NTBs to tariffs such as ad valorem tariff and specific tariff. The paper tries to find the … achieve this goal, the paper analyses the effects of tariffication of a fixed quota into tariffs on price, trade and welfare …

commitments under trade agreements (multilateral and regional agreements) and applied tariffs- what is also known as tariffs … equivalent to a level of tariffs between 1.7 and 8.7 percentage points. …

data on tariffs and trade covering 130 countries. We show that regionalism has delivered limited effective liberalization …

affected. One possible outcome of Brexit is a situation where WTO tariffs apply to merchandise trade between the UK and the EU … falling by 5% (Finland) to 43% (Bulgaria) taking into account the new tariffs and the elasticity of the trade response to this …

WTO negotiations deal predominantly with bound - besides applied - tariff rates. But, how can reductions in tariffs … from the real options literature; doing so we highlight the important role of bound tariffs at the extensive margin of … trade. We find that bound tariffs are more effective with higher risk destination markets, that a large binding overhang may …