the extensive margin. New import restrictions on products arise through the temporary trade barriers (TTBs) - antidumping …, safeguards, and countervailing duties - that have become some of the most important time-varying trade policies in use. Our … and promised to restrain other trade policies by keeping applied import tariffs below specified maximum levels. After …

This paper estimates the impact of aggregate fluctuations on the time-varying trade policies of 13 major emerging … of antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties. The approach explicitly addresses changes to the institutional … trade policies, such as applied import tariffs. The paper presents evidence of a counter-cyclical relationship between …

This paper estimates the impact of aggregate fluctuations on the time-varying trade policies of thirteen major emerging … restrictions on products arising through the temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies of antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing … import restrictions became more counter-cyclical and sensitive to real exchange rate shocks over time. Finally, the paper …

This paper estimates the impact of aggregate fluctuations on the time-varying trade policies of 13 major emerging … of antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties. The approach explicitly addresses changes to the institutional … trade policies, such as applied import tariffs. The paper presents evidence of a counter-cyclical relationship between …

trade policies change over time? Do countries discriminate among their trading partners when setting trade policy? Finally … policy across countries, their economic sectors, and their trading partners, over time. We conclude that substantial trade …

agreement, ratified recently, could be applied during the time of the pandemic. This paper provides an overview of a number of …

Starting in the 1960s with the Kennedy Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), nontariff measures … (NTMs) have been replacing tariffs continuously as the core element of trade negotiations. Today they take centre stage in …

commitments under trade agreements (multilateral and regional agreements) and applied tariffs- what is also known as tariffs … equivalent to a level of tariffs between 1.7 and 8.7 percentage points. …