gender-based disparities. Women face several challenges during their working lives, such as late entry into the labor market …, the gender pay gap, discontinuous working careers, and early retirement due to family caregiving, which lead to lower … pension incomes. This paper investigates the gender pension gap in nine European Union countries from 2004 to 2020. Our study …

In urban China, gender gaps in employment and earnings have steadily increased since the 1990s. Such gender gaps are … demonstrates, despite the rise in gender differences in the urban labor market, the average gender pension gap decreased between … cohort analysis to gain further insights into the reasons for changes in the gender pension gap. We utilized data from the …

large gender gap in the labour market participation and employment pathways. Lower employment rates and gender pay gaps, as … gender gaps in employment and pay, particularly for those at risk of interrupted careers, is key to ensure decent old …