The nonprofit sector's share of wage and salary employment in the U.S. has increased over time, from about 5½ percent …

robust evidence that doctors refer more to specialists of their same gender. I show that biased referrals are predominantly … driven by physicians' decisions rather than by endogenous sorting of physicians or patients. Because most referring doctors … are male, the net impact of same-gender bias by both male and female doctors generates lower demand for female relative to …

referrals, I provide robust evidence that doctors refer more to specialists of their same gender, a tendency known as homophily … sorting of physicians or patients or by gender differences in the labor supply. As 75% of doctors are men, estimates suggest …

health system. Unionisation of these doctors is 90 percent, and their union’s MECA specifies their pay rates, which should … salary steps than equally experienced female specialists, or males disproportionately receiving additional payments beyond …

referrals, I provide robust evidence that doctors refer more to specialists of their same gender, a tendency known as homophily … sorting of physicians or patients or by gender differences in the labor supply. As 75% of doctors are men, estimates suggest …