discrimination. But while the Court famously invalidated several sex-based laws at the end of the twentieth century, it also issued … long-ignored cases that approved of sex discrimination, this Article explains how the Court's rulings in this area have … equal protection that authorizes certain forms of sex discrimination, (Un)Equal Protection advocates for one particular …

consistent with gender-based statistical discrimination. Labor market experience cannot easily overcome the discrimination that … female doctors suffer. Further, we find that gender discrimination is greater for lower caste doctors, who typically suffer … from caste discrimination. Given the increasing share of professionals from a lower caste background, our results suggest …

Racial wage inequality and discrimination have pervaded South African society for centuries. Apartheid legislation … decomposition methodology that tracks changes in the discrimination component of the wage gap over time. It accounts for biases … shows that 2003 was a turning point, when black-white discrimination started to decline continuously thereafter. The …