Using a nationally representative large-scale survey of individual ICT skills in India (Multiple Indicators Survey … instrumental variables (IV) strategy. The IV approach exploits the dramatic expansion of cell towers in India as a source of supply … effects vary substantially across gender: women face a penalty in the form of a lower impact on salaried employment, but the …

enterprises in India. Female-owned firms are on average 45 per cent less productive than male-owned firms, with the clearest … important contributing factors explaining the gender productivity gap are firm characteristics, such as firm size, age of the …

Using detailed monthly panel data from rural India, this paper analyzes sectoral wage gaps for men and women. I …

and male workers. The wage analysis reveals that, on average, the gender wage gap has been lowest in routine cognitive …