pension incomes. This paper investigates the gender pension gap in nine European Union countries from 2004 to 2020. Our study … pension index in capturing between-gender inequality in societies. Employing data from the SHARE database, we find that gender … contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the gender pension gap phenomenon, which is crucial for developing effective …

in the employment rates, particularly between men and women will have a significant impact on pension incomes in NDC … large gender gap in the labour market participation and employment pathways. Lower employment rates and gender pay gaps, as … well as country-specific employment paths are important causes of differences in expected pension levels, but there are …

demonstrates, despite the rise in gender differences in the urban labor market, the average gender pension gap decreased between … cohort analysis to gain further insights into the reasons for changes in the gender pension gap. We utilized data from the …In urban China, gender gaps in employment and earnings have steadily increased since the 1990s. Such gender gaps are …