the motherhood employment gap across 186 European NUTS2 regions (over 29 countries) for the 2002-2016 period. The gender … employment, suggesting that non-traditional gender norms mediate on the employment gender gap mainly via motherhood …Using individual-level data from the European Social Survey, we study the relevance of gender norms in accounting for …

gender norms on earnings and labor supply post-childbirth. Our results show that traditional mothers experience a 18 …In this paper, we examine how pre-birth gender norms shape women's labor market trajectories and occupational choices … egalitarian mothers. Second, we investigate the role of pre-birth comparative advantage within couples, finding that this …

work in the formal sector. Moreover, social norms towards gender roles lead mothers to devote more time to housework and … child on gender inequality from the perspectives of labor market outcomes and its mechanisms. Results show that becoming a … a child, mothers have a higher likelihood for engaging in informal jobs and less possibility of being promoted if they …

mechanisms. Through their impact on childcare availability, grandmothers' deaths reduce mothers' employment rate by 12 percentage … points (27 percent) and do not affect fathers' employment rate. The negative effect on mothers' employment is smaller where …This paper estimates the effect of childcare availability on parents' employment probability using the timing of death …

benefits also reduce take-up of paid leave by mothers, lower the chances of having further children, and have no impact on …

leaves on women's employment appear to be driven by negative weighting in fixed effects estimation, which is explained by the …-based estimator, we find that maternity leaves longer than three months negatively affect female employment and increase women …

participation using 70 censuses from 36 countries in 1990–2010. We document a strong relationship between the gender wage gap and … the size of the motherhood penalty. The penalty is smallest in countries with small gender wage gaps. Both cross- and … within-country relationships between motherhood penalty and gender wage gap remain strong and negative even when we condition …

gender gap among full-time working parents, using the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003-2019. Our analysis reveals … that temporal flexibility has a U-shaped relationship with the wage rates of both fathers and mothers, and that temporal …

Why do women experience a persistent drop in labor earnings upon becoming mothers, i.e. a "child penalty"? We study a … between mothers and similar women with no children. Mothers send 12.2% fewer job applications and are more selective regarding … applications are sent and highlight differences in the timing of job search. We find that mothers' rate of applications decreases …

ill child in Chile (SANNA) to identify the role of both economic incentives and gender norms on families' decisions … the threshold. To investigate the role of gender norms, we compare the effect of economic incentives among older, more … traditional families and younger families. Our results indicate that both gender norms and economic incentives affect parental …