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variation in schooling associated with early smoking behaviour, the other uses the raising of the minimum school leaving age … instruments. I find that the instrument constructed using early smoking behaviour is valid as well as being strong, and argue that … estimates of 12.9% (early smoking), 10.2% (RoSLA) and 12.5% (both instruments) …
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positive wage effect of about the same size. The wages of females are not affected by smoking and drinking. …
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Using within-family variation from twins and siblings, I find that smokers earn approximately 16% less than nonsmokers. Possible explanations for this earning difference are addiction-related productivity declines and earning reductions from higher health insurance costs. To investigate further,...
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Empirical studies on the earnings effects of tobacco use have found significant wage penalties attached to smoking … general failure in the literature to control for past smoking behaviour of individuals. Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS …) regressions show that the smoking wage penalty is reduced by as much as a third, if past smoking of individuals is controlled for. …
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