party will emerge victorious should an election occur. This electoral uncertainty affects the macroeconomy, where the size … and direction of the impacts are dependent on the party in power in the current and previous period, time elapsed since … the last election, and party popularity. Leftist governments are expected to sustain higher output levels throughout their …

inspections. We also show that around election years, teachers spend more time on "non-teaching" activities. The political cycles …Primary education in India is a development question of a unique magnitude, and the delivery of education by Indian …

Environmental outcomes can be shaped by underlying politics, we test whether pre-determined election timings affect … constituencies) in India. Using data on 68 elections in our sample period, we find evidence of the presence of electoral cycles in … environmental outcomes; specifically, non-election years witness higher levels of harmful environmental activities in comparison to …