An election outcome reflects institutional, behavioural and attitudinal influences. We set out a model showing it is a function of the electoral system, the offices at stake and the number of parties competing as well as the choices of voters and the level of turnout. Therefore, any attempt to...

This article introduces a matrix model to account for variations in turnout as a function of the interaction between individual attributes and perceptions, stressed by the Michigan model, and stimuli from political mobilization and government performance, stressed by institutional theories....