This paper demonstrates how an uneven electoral system shapes political parties' mobilization strategies, which in turn contribute to the gap in turnout between districts, by utilizing a majoritarian electoral system with heterogeneous district magnitudes in Japan. In contrast to existing...

Factionalism can affect the stability and institutionalization of parties and party systems and it can impact on the efficiency and legitimacy of political parties and political systems as a whole. Nevertheless, factionalism has only received scant attention in the comparative literature on...

This paper (1) argues that campaign spending is no more effective for challengers than incumbents in congressional elections using candidate-centered forms of proportional representation (PR); (2) develops a new method to estimate spending effects in poly-candidate elections; and (3)...