Elections constitute the essential element of democracy, yet surprisingly little is known about their immediate consequences for individual well-being. Cross-country empirical evidence is particularly absent for the campaign period leading up to elections. While elections as a process allow...

This paper demonstrates how an uneven electoral system shapes political parties' mobilization strategies, which in turn contribute to the gap in turnout between districts, by utilizing a majoritarian electoral system with heterogeneous district magnitudes in Japan. In contrast to existing...

Factionalism can affect the stability and institutionalization of parties and party systems and it can impact on the efficiency and legitimacy of political parties and political systems as a whole. Nevertheless, factionalism has only received scant attention in the comparative literature on...

Even though runoff elections are one of the most (if not the most) common forms of presidential elections in the world, voter-choice behavior in these two-round elections has been rarely researched. Two-round elections provide unique opportunities for both political analyst and consultant. They...

This paper (1) argues that campaign spending is no more effective for challengers than incumbents in congressional elections using candidate-centered forms of proportional representation (PR); (2) develops a new method to estimate spending effects in poly-candidate elections; and (3)...