The interplay between congestion and crowding externalities in the design of urban bus systems is identified and analysed. A multimodal social welfare maximisation model with spatially disaggregated demand is developed, in which users choose between travelling by bus, car or walking in a...

This paper presents an analytic framework to measure the spatial segregation caused by reducing or forbidding the free movement of pedestrians, due to the existence of a highway or other type of transport facility with barriers that prevent pedestrians from crossing it. First, using empirical...