This paper traces the origins and early history of perceived gender differences in absenteeism in Great Britain and the … USA. Among politicians and scholars, the problem was first articulated during World War I and reappeared as an issue of … prime concern during World War II. The war efforts required mobilization and allocation of large numbers of women to jobs …

of female rule on war among European polities over the 15th-20th centuries. We utilize gender of the first born and … more likely to engage in war than polities led by kings. Moreover, the tendency of queens to engage as aggressors varied by … division of labor. These asymmetries, which reflected prevailing gender norms, ultimately enabled queens to pursue more …

th-20th centuries. We instrument queenly rule using gender of the first born and whether the previous monarchs had a … sister. We find that polities led by queens participated in war more than polities led by kings. Moreover, aggressive … pursue more aggressive war policies …