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dioxide (CO2) emissions have seen tremendous upward adjustments over the past decades. While international tourism and … unclear how exchange rates moderate the effect of tourism on CO2 emissions. With the recent pace of tourism and renewable … energy development, as well as exchange rate fluctuations in Africa, the study assesses the impact of international tourism …
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Tepid trade growth since the 2008/2009 global financial crisis (GFC) has been partly attributed to sluggish demand from developed countries. However, data reveals that developing countries play a bigger role in holding back trade growth, while developed countries show quite robust import growth....
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This paper analyzes the link between international trade and exchange rate levels in the context of the global financial crisis (GFC) and the rise of global and regional value chains (GVCs). Using bilateral data for 72 economies over the 2001-2015 period, we find a positive relationship between...
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The nominal effective exchange rate (EER) of a currency is an index of the tradeweighted average of its bilateral exchange rates vis-à-vis the currencies of selected trading partners, while the real EER is derived by adjusting the nominal index for relative prices or costs. The nominal EER...
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