The aim of this study was to examine the moderating effect of ownership concentration (OC) on the relationship between impactful female directors and earnings management (EM). The study concentrated on firms with the lowest positive earnings, measured by return on assets. The results showed that...

Using a sample of 3.808 non-financial European Union listed companies from 2011 to 2020, this study extends previous research by empirically examining how board gender diversity affects the magnitude of earnings management. The results support the predicted (negative) relationship between female...

Many companies in Germany must provide information beyond financial figures in their annual reports. For some years now, legislators have increasingly required information on non-financial aspects, such as the shares of women in leadership positions. Using a quantitative text analysis of annual...