Germany like many other European countries subsidize commuting by granting the right to deduct commuting expenses from … urban sprawl characterized by suburbanization of residences and jobs, increasing commuting distances and spatial city growth …. -- Urban general equilibrium model ; commuting subsidies ; income tax deduction …

predominantly automobile. In contrast, pure commuting subsidies hardly affect aggregate urban welfare, but distributional effects … ; commuting …

labor market in which workers? location in an agglomeration depends on commuting costs, the endogenous price of land and the …. Given differences in commuting costs between the employed and the unemployed, this is realized by a change in the fraction …

taxes in the labor market. A congestion tax raises the overall costs of commuting to work and discourages labor force …