fertilizer and pesticide use, as well as on human health and environmental toxicity. Fairtrade increases chemical input … quantities and aggregated levels of toxicity. Nevertheless, Fairtrade reduces the incidence of pesticide-related acute health … safe handling of pesticides and occupational health, which can reduce negative externalities in spite of higher input …

when agriculture becomes more specialized. We show in a Ricardian two-country trade setup that production specialization is … incomplete under free trade because of the decrease in land productivity. Pesticides allow farmers to reduce these biodiversity …, governments face a trade-off: they are tempted to restrict pesticide use compared to under autarky because domestic consumption …

sharing water, agricultural and energy innovations, 3) making wider use of digital opportunities for sustainable agriculture …, and 4) re-designing global governance of agriculture and food. …